![]() In this context, knowledge about the genetic diversity of organisms will bring solutions to various problems and issues involving living beings. The way we understand, analyze and deal with biodiversity has been intensely modified and deepened by the advancement of genetics. The knowledge resulting from this information has innumerous applications and has been promoting a huge revolution in several areas of the biological, agrarian and health sciences. The number of sequences and genomes deposited in the databases grows exponentially, generating an enormous amount of information to be studied and analyzed. Molecular markers, amplification and DNA sequencing technologies are improving an incredible advance in access genetic variation. So, genetic diversity is essential for species survival. It serves for population adapting to environment, once that how higher is the allelic variation, it is more likely that individuals display adaptative characteristics that suits to the environment. Genetic diversity is a very important feature of living organisms. So, detecting point mutations in the organisms can be very useful to implement many strategies such as biodiversity conservation, crop management and infectious disease monitoring. Another thing to be considered is that single mutations can also provide adaptative vantages such as pathogen resistance, xenobiotic tolerance and fitness improvement. Single mutations are also important for health: many missense mutations can be deleterious and resulting in a disease or metabolic disorder. Genes with high levels of polymorphism can be applied to genetic population studies, while genes with moderate and low polymorphic levels can be used for phylogeographic and phylogenetic inferences. These parameters are very important to elucidate evolutionary process in populations across time and space. They are the mainly source of DNA polymorphic sites, which provides information for many inferences and analysis such as nucleotide and haplotype diversity, allelic diversity, genetic distance, heterozygosity, etc. Single mutations are very important in population genetics and evolution. Types of point mutations (nucleotide substitution) in DNA molecule. There are three types of DNA mutations: base substitutions (also called point mutations), deletions and insertions ( Figure 1). Mutation is the driving force of genetic variation and evolution. ![]() The genetic diversity has three different sources: mutation, recombination and immigration of genes. The different gene forms caused by genetic polymorphisms are called alleles. Some of these polymorphisms may affects how proteins works and how the proteins interacts with subtracts and other proteins. These differences are called genetic polymorphism. ![]() Most genes have small nucleotide sequence differences among individuals. Genes can be represented as a sequence of nucleotides that can be expressed in a living organism. Genes are DNA fragments that encodes some biological information, usually coding a protein or a RNA. This is also the source of disease resistance of natural populations, as it is the font of drug resistance by many pathogens. The genetic diversity is also very useful to implement conservation strategies and crop management. In this context, analyzing the genetic diversity in populations is essential to understand evolutionary and adaptative process for most species. The history of genetics can be divided into two phases: one before and the other after 1953, the year in which the structure of DNA, the molecule of life, was discovered.Genetic diversity is usually defined as the number of genetic characteristics (alleles and genotypes) in a species. Transcription and Translation in Prokaryotes. ![]() Changes in Signal Transduction Pathways.
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